The Impact of pregnancy and birth-related risk factors on the incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborns

Introduction: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a multifactorial condition that, if untreated, can lead to long-term complications such as early-onset osteoarthritis and disability. Risk factors, including breech presentation, family history, female sex, firstborn status, high birth weight, and oligohydramnios, are associated with 50–60% of DDH cases. Screening approaches vary, with selective and universal ultrasound strategies in use. This review examines DDH risk factors related to birth and pregnancy, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and timely intervention to improve patient outcomes. Aim of study: This review explores current knowledge on risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip related to birth and pregnancy, highlighting their role in enhancing early diagnosis and timely intervention for affected newborns. Material and methods:A systematic review of PubMed literature (2019–2024) was conducted using the terms "DDH," "Risk factors," and either "pregnancy" or "birth," with studies manually screened for relevance and credibility, Results and conclusion: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the most common musculoskeletal disorder in infants, with risk factors including breech presentation, oligohydramnios, primiparity, high birth weight, and uterine scarring. Breech positioning and restricted fetal movements due to low amniotic fluid volume can impair hip joint development. Primiparity and high birth weight may also contribute to DDH by increasing mechanical pressure on the hip. This review analyzes pregnancy-related risk factors for DDH and highlights the importance of early diagnosis through selective screening to improve neonatal outcomes