Sex-specific differences in the experience of adverse childhood experiences: transmission, protective, and risk factors from the perspectives of parents and their children-results of an 18-year German longitudinal study

Although women report higher rates of ACEs, men are not less affected in terms of psychological distress. Sex-specific considerations appear to be crucial in the prevention of ACEs and should be integrated into targeted strategies. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both parents' perspectives in developing and implementing effective preventive interventions in families.