Humiliation Trap and Resurgence of Conflicts and Wars in the International Arena: Insights From the Versailles Treaty

This paper explores the crucial role of humiliation as a major catalyst for the resurgence of conflict and war in the international arena, using the example of the humiliation inflicted on Germany by the Versailles Treaty. By proposing a new theoretical perspective on the “humiliation trap”, characterized by the “humiliation vicious cycle”, the article highlights how the Allied powers, by severely punishing Germany and ignoring its defensive voice, fell into this humiliation trap. The divergent interests of the great victorious powers of the First World War fueled frustrations and nationalist sentiments, exacerbated by the economic crisis of 1929. This dynamic fostered the emergence of extremist leaders and alliances among those dissatisfied with the treaty, bringing the situation back to its starting point. By providing a platform for the rise of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf, the triumph of revenge sentiment engendered a resurgence of conflicts and wars similar to those before the Treaty of Versailles. Thus, this study highlights the importance of recognizing humiliation as a key factor in the resurgence of conflict and war in the international arena, while advocating mutual respect and solidarity as essential foundations of all international interaction.