Pulse-Induced Electrochemical Phenomena: Proposed Mechanisms using Extended Electrodynamic Theories

Prior studies have shown that energy gains can result from the application of inductively generated high voltage pulses to the cathode of both Lead-Acid (Pb-A) and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries using specific operational parameters, including pulse repetition rate and peak pulse voltage. It has also been shown that internal enthalpy cannot be the cause of the energy gains due to a lack of correlation between measured charge capacities and those predicted from a thermodynamic analysis of the electrochemical changes occurring when measured energy releases occur, together with battery behaviour over long-term pulse delivery. The binary option of the source of energy gains being either inside or outside of the battery carries with it various implications for both the energetics of pulse induced responses of the electrochemistry and, perhaps more importantly, the inclusion of the local environment of the battery as part of an open and interactive system. With the latter having been demonstrated, the question remains as to what mechanisms, processes and energetic pathways might be involved that can result in a coefficient of performance >1 and how any that are proposed relate to currently accepted electrodynamic and field theories, classical and quantum. To this end, classical electrodynamic (CED) theory is compared with extended electrodynamic theory (EED) which is a logical and proven derivative based on decades of work by relevant parties. This work has revealed the presence of longitudinal and scalar field components that can contribute to inductive pulse charging (IPC) effects. Evidence for EED is given, along with various applications, to illustrate its potential role in signal detection, information and power transmission. Furthermore, experimental work on the extraction of energy from the quantum vacuum is considered in the context of stochastic electrodynamics (SED), which provides a bridge between classical and quantum descriptions of Nature. From these frameworks, various mechanisms are proposed that can explain the evidence obtained from IPC and with a view to adding further weight to these extended electrodynamic theories.