Theoretical framework for entropy of mixture: experimental comparisons and practical applications for plasma and cancer treatments

Abstract Recently, many research teams have been endeavoring to develop plasma sources to generate ultrahigh electron densities for cancer treatment. This paper presents a theoretical framework that allows us to calculate the entropy and energy changes caused by mixing different gases. This framework can be used to determine the extra energy dissipated into a system to create a very large number of additional electrons besides the electrons produced by ionization energy. Because the proposed formulation conforms to all the established physical and chemical principles and agrees perfectly with experimental results, this theoretical framework can be utilized to evaluate the performance of gaseous mixtures in a wide variety of fields, not just plasma applications. The theoretical framework represents a breakthrough for the associated technologies in which the largest number of electrons is needed to optimize their efficacy; therefore, it has the potential to act as a guideline for future clinical and scientific explorations.