FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY

This study reveals the transformation of philosophical approaches to the historical process from medieval theocentrism to modern rationalism. Key thinkers such as Herodotus, Voltaire, and Hegel shaped our understanding of social change. Special emphasis is placed on Marx's dialectical methodology, linking historical development with economic patterns. The contradiction between linear progressivist concepts and Spengler's cyclical theories is examined. Demonstrated the interdependence of historical science and philosophical reflection, where empirical data are enriched by theoretical understanding and conceptual models are verified by facts. The necessity of synthesizing ontological, epistemological, and axiological aspects for a comprehensive understanding of the past is emphasized.