Empowering minds: how self-efficacy, self-esteem, and social support drive digital mental health engagement

These findings underscore the importance of fostering supportive digital environments to enhance users' confidence and self-worth. However, the cross-sectional nature of the study limits causal interpretations, and the localized sample restricts generalizability. Future research should incorporate longitudinal methods and explore cultural differences. Overall, the study contributes to the development of effective digital mental health engagement strategies in Malaysia and beyond.