Study on the Accessibility of Urban Parks Within the Framework of Kunming’s 15-Min Living Circle

With the acceleration of urbanization, the accessibility and equity of urban green spaces have become crucial issues in urban planning and public health. In the context of the 15-min living circle, whether residents can conveniently reach parks within a walkable or bikeable time frame directly impacts their quality of life and social well-being. Traditional park accessibility evaluation methods, such as the G2SFCA, effectively measure accessibility but fail to fully account for the diversity of travel modes and the impact of regional disparities on equity. This study employs the TB-G2SFCA method, integrating the concept of the 15-min living circle, to analyze the equity of park accessibility in the Dianchi Lake ring area of Kunming under different travel modes. The findings reveal significant disparities in park accessibility for walking and cycling, particularly in suburban communities distant from the city center, where many areas cannot reach a park within 15 min. Although accessibility improves under driving and public transit modes, resources remain concentrated in well-connected areas, leaving peripheral regions with insufficient access. Compared to the traditional G2SFCA method, the TB-G2SFCA approach more accurately reflects spatial differences and equity issues across travel modes. This study suggests that future urban park planning should optimize resource allocation, improve transportation networks, and enhance park accessibility in peripheral areas—especially for walking and cycling—to achieve a more equitable and sustainable distribution of urban green spaces.