Investigation on structural, optical, thermal, and magnetic properties of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles synthesized at lower annealing temperature

Abstract Due to its multiferroic properties and narrow optical bandgap, BiFeO 3 has been widely explored for spintronics, photovoltaics, and photocatalysis applications. Using various synthesis techniques, BiFeO 3 can be synthesized in various forms, such as bulk, thin films, and nanostructures. It is challenging to synthesize the pure BiFeO 3 phase due to the volatile nature of bismuth and the very narrow temperature range for forming this phase. So, this work aims to synthesize the pure BiFeO 3 phase at lower annealing temperatures using an efficient sol–gel method. We have chosen the annealing temperature from 450 °C to 650 °C, and a detailed analysis of structural and optical properties is performed here. X-ray diffraction is used to confirm the crystalline nature of the material. A single-phase Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns is carried out to study the effect of annealing temperature on structural parameters. All the samples are crystalized in pure rhombohedral BiFeO 3 phase with the R 3 c space group symmetry, except those annealed at higher temperatures, 600 °C and 650 °C. Strain and dislocation densities were decreasing with an increase in the annealing temperature. From the UV–visible analysis, a strong response is observed below 600 nm in the visible region, and the band gap from the absorption behaviour is estimated in the range of 2.26–2.60 eV for these bismuth ferrite nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the existence of metal–oxygen bonds in bismuth ferrite nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were found to be thermally stable based on the thermal analysis performed using differential scanning calorimetry. Bismuth ferrite nanoparticles were weakly magnetic based on the vibrating sample magnetometry analysis.