Picture This! Item Frames, Together with Depressive Affect and Humility, Differentially Affect the Memory Self-Efficacy of Young and Older Adults

Together, our results support past research and suggest new avenues for understanding the many factors that influence the subjective memory of young and older adults. Based on our findings, we recommend that researchers and practitioners utilize positively worded questionnaire items to evaluate MSE given that this approach was least vulnerable to depressive affect and resulted in the most accurate memory self-reports.