Comparative Evaluation of Dietary Patterns and Nutrient Intake in Obese and Non-Obese Adults of Lahore

Background: Obesity is a major public health problem worldwide and especially in an urban setting such as Lahore where dietary transition is driving health outcome. Sometimes, the development of obesity is attributed to nutritional imbalances. Nevertheless, there are limited comparative data on dietary patterns of obese and non-obese adults in Pakistan. Aim: To assess and compare dietary patterns, nutrient intake and caloric distribution between obese and non- obese adults living in Lahore to identify dietary risk factors which are modifiable in order to reduce the risk of obesity. Methodology: Comparative study was carried out on 100 adult participants (50 obese and 50 non-obese) aged 20 to 50 years from urban health clinics and community centers in Lahore. Records were made of anthropometric measurements (BMI, waist circumference). The daily nutrient intake, macronutrient distribution, and adherence to balanced diet were assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire and 24 hour dietary recall. Fasting glucose and lipid profile were also studied. Results: Mean ± SD daily calories consumed were significantly greater for obese (2,630 ± 340 kcal) than non-obese (1,980 ± 290 kcal, p < 0.001). The obese group had excessively high saturated fat and sugar intakes and very low fiber and vegetable intakes. Furthermore, the non-obese group had a higher adherence to balanced dietary guidelines, higher whole grain, fruit and lean protein intake. Also, there was a positive correlation between total caloric intake and BMI (r = 0.72). Conclusion: Significant differences in dietary pattern and intake of nutrients are shown in obese and non-obese adults in Lahore. Obesity is defined by poor dietary habits such as high caloric intake, low fiber consumption, imbalanced macronutrient ratios. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing community based nutritional interventions and public health strategies on dietary education and lifestyle modification.