Lead, cadmium and arsenic species in spices from markets in Hanoi, Vietnam

Spices are essential to cooking and include health benefits. Nevertheless, information regarding the prevalence of heavy metals (Pb, Cd and As) and As species in spices is limited. Consequently, 254 samples from 6 varieties of commercially available branded and non-branded spices were examined for heavy metal and As species content. The analytical results were ranked as Pb > As > Cd (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with red chilli and garlic exhibiting the highest and lowest levels, respectively. A significant difference in heavy metal levels was observed between branded and non-branded samples (<i>p</i> < 0.05), suggesting that processing and trade influence the initial metal levels. Arsenite was the predominant form in spices, but dimethylarsinic acid and monomethylarsonic acid primarily accumulated in spices from the <i>Zingiberaceae</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05). No carcinogenic risk to human health from heavy metals in spices was identified (HIs < 1).