STAGES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND ECO-INNOVATION IN MARITIME TRANSPORT

This study examines the phased implementation of alternative fuels and eco-innovations in maritime transport, aligning with global objectives to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. The authors analyze the environmental impact of shipping and the necessity of transitioning to low-carbon energy sources, specifically liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, biofuels, and hydrogen. The study evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of these fuels, considering their economic viability, infrastructure readiness, and environmental implications. A key focus is on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including CO₂, NOx, and SOx, while assessing the broader ecological consequences of alternative fuels on marine ecosystems. The paper introduces a multifactor mathematical model that objectively determines the optimal fuel choice based on environmental, economic, and logistical criteria. The findings highlight that while LNG is currently the most accessible and widely used alternative fuel, concerns about methane slip raise questions about its long-term sustainability. Additionally, the study investigates the operational efficiency of alternative fuels and the feasibility of retrofitting existing vessels to accommodate cleaner energy solutions. Hydrogen and methanol are identified as promising future energy sources, yet their large-scale adoption is constrained by high production costs, storage challenges, and a lack of necessary infrastructure. Despite these limitations, ongoing advancements in hydrogen fuel cells and green methanol production could accelerate their integration into the maritime industry. The study also discusses the impact of alternative fuels on maritime safety, the need for engine modifications, and the expansion of refueling facilities at global ports. Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of developing hybrid propulsion systems that combine multiple alternative fuels to optimize efficiency and minimize emissions. The research results indicate that achieving a transition to sustainable maritime transport requires a comprehensive strategy, integrating technological advancements, regulatory policies, and substantial investments in fuel infrastructure. The authors emphasize the significance of international collaboration and policy incentives in promoting the adoption of environmentally friendly energy sources within the maritime industry. Additionally, the paper underlines the necessity of continuous monitoring of fuel performance, life-cycle assessments, and further refinement of predictive models to ensure the long-term success of alternative fuel adoption in shipping.