Optimization of fuel consumption of civil aviation aircraft using IoT systems

Civil aviation is of great importance to Ukraine and the global community as a whole. Which provides global mobility, connecting people, cultures and economies. Every year billions of passengers and huge volumes of cargo are transported by aircraft, which makes aviation a critically important element of the global economy. At the same time, the efficiency of aircraft operation remains a key task for airlines around the world, because aviation fuel is the largest expense item, occupying about 30% of the total budget of carriers. Today's challenges include not only the need to reduce fuel costs, but also achieving environmental sustainability, as the aviation industry is a significant source of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Solving these problems requires innovative approaches and the introduction of new technologies that optimize fuel use, improve aircraft performance, and minimize negative environmental impacts. Among modern technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT) attracts special attention, which allows the integration of numerous sensors, data analysis systems and predictive algorithms to ensure continuous monitoring and control of various aircraft components. IoT technologies offer unique opportunities for improving the aircraft fuel system, making it not only more efficient, but also intelligent. To optimize aircraft fuel consumption, an IoT system model is proposed, which includes sensors for monitoring fuel level, temperature, and pressure, controllers for data processing and communication with analytical platforms, cloud platforms for data analysis using machine learning, and communication protocols (MQTT, LoRaWAN, 5G) for rapid information transmission. It is expected that a 5% reduction in fuel consumption will provide significant savings annually. This not only contributes to increasing the efficiency of aircraft operation, but also reduces the environmental burden. The proposed IoT system solves a number of important tasks, such as: reducing fuel consumption, early detection of leaks and malfunctions, optimizing flight planning and maintenance, minimizing the impact of the human factor on fuel resource management. Therefore, the integration of IoT systems into aviation corresponds to global trends in sustainable development and digitalization of the transport industry.