Indirect Effect Model with Surge Function for Describing Melatonin Circadian Rhythm: Quantitative Comparison and Application between Normal Sleepers and Patients with Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder

Compared to normal sleepers, DSWPD patients exhibited a reduced rate of melatonin production, similar rate of melatonin elimination, and delayed DLMO, highlighting notable circadian melatonin profile alterations. The final model employed Bayesian feedback to estimate melatonin circadian rhythm characteristics and DLMO in DSWPD patients using sparsely sampled data.