Investigation of the effect of utilisation of nano boron, diesel and biodiesel fuels with together hydrogen in a compression ignition engine on combustion characteristics

Compression ignition (diesel) engines are the most important element of transportation. Efficiency is a vital factor in diesel engines in terms of environmental protection and sustainability. Therefore, increasing the efficiency of diesel engines by using various additives is an important research topic. In this context, 8 different fuel types were created by adding 10 % biodiesel, 50 ppm nanoboron (nanoboron particle size 20 nm) and hydrogen (18 % of the energy consumption of Diesel/B10 fuels was replaced) to diesel fuel in the current study. A heavy-duty diesel engine was operated at a constant engine speed of 650 rpm and a torque of 200 Nm using these eight fuel types. As a result of the experiments, diesel fuel with 50 ppm nanoboron added produced the highest efficiency among all fuel types with a thermal efficiency value of 28.837 %. In the experiments carried out with standard diesel (D) fuel, when the thermal efficiency values obtained were compared with D_50ppmB and D_H2 fuels, an efficiency increase of 1.95 % and 0.19 % was achieved, respectively. On the other hand, when compared with B10_50ppmB, B10_H2, B10, B10_50ppmB_H2 and D_50ppmB_H2 fuels, an efficiency decrease of 0.99 %, 2.66 %, 2.75 %, 3.53 % and 5.38 % was attained, respectively. 50 ppm nano boron addition to pure diesel increased the NO emission rate by 3.15 %. On the contrary, a significant decrease was observed in NO emission when hydrogen was used with all fuel types. For example, the NO emission value, which was 3.62 g/kWh in the use of pure diesel, decreased by 32.6 % and dropped to 2.44 g/kWh in the d-H2 mixture. In addition, it was observed that the NOx emission value, which was 3.60 g/kWh when B10 (90 % diesel + 10 % biodiesel) fuel was used, decreased by 29.72 % to 2.53 g/kWh when B10_H2 fuel was used. The most important findings of this study are that the nanoparticle additive increased thermal efficiency and reduced CO emissions. In this study, the combustion of diesel, biodiesel, hydrogen and nanoboron fuels in various combinations was investigated. It is thought that this quaternary fuel mixture significantly contributed to the literature.