Comprehensive Review of Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities and Safety Concerns in Autonomous Vehicles

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are among the leading technologies enhancing our world with their advanced autonomous driving capabilities and functional awareness. These AVs rely on sophisticated technologies such as weight sensors, speed sensors, tire pressure sensors, 3D imaging cameras, satellite-based positioning systems, and advanced radars like light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and 3D radar. AVs utilize these components, along with highly complex control algorithms as their central processing units, to perform autonomous driving, making them vulnerable to cybersecurity attacks. These security attacks raise significant safety concerns for AVs. This article provides a comprehensive review of various cybersecurity threats associated with AVs and presents potential solutions. Additionally, it examines the vulnerabilities of the sophisticated equipment used in AVs. This article aims to enhance the understanding of the safety and security concerns associated with AVs and offers insights into the importance of cybersecurity in this evolving technological field. Furthermore, this article addresses the current state of cybersecurity measures in AVs, evaluating the effectiveness of existing protocols and identifying areas that require improvement. It also explores emerging technologies and strategies that can enhance the security of AVs, such as blockchain for secure data transactions, machine learning for threat detection, and robust encryption methods.