Harnessing Water and Sun: Evaluating the Feasibility of Hybrid FPV-PHS Systems in Indonesia's Path to Net Zero

This study assesses the feasibility and economic potential of integrating Floating Photovoltaic (FPV), Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS), and existing reservoir hydropower plants (HPPs) to optimize hybrid operations. It analyzes FPV capacities (145 MW, 500 MW, 1000 MW) and PHS efficiencies (79% for conventional, 87% for modern systems). Results indicate that larger FPV installations enhance energy production and economic viability, with PHS generating up to 3 TWh annually under high-efficiency conditions. Hybrid operations improve grid stability, reduce coal dependency, and enable carbon-neutral generation at full FPV capacity. However, expanding FPV beyond 20% reservoir utilization requires strategic multi-reservoir planning. This study demonstrates the potential of FPV-PHS-HPP integration in improving renewable energy reliability and economic feasibility. Findings offer key insights for Indonesia's energy transition, supporting Net Zero Emissions 2060 goals while addressing regulatory and operational challenges.