Improving Frequency Regulation in Interconnected Islanded Microgrids Through Nonlinear Control and Cogeneration Systems

This paper studies frequency control and area control error (ACE) minimization in interconnected marine and airport microgrids utilizing various conventional and renewable energy sources (RESs), dynamic loads, and energy storage systems. The management of load demand balancing and frequency regulation in these systems is achieved through the implementation of a fractional order PID controller (FOPID). Various optimization techniques, such as Mountain Gazelle Optimization (MGO), Swaram Optimization, Coati Optimization Algorithm, and Artificial Electric Field Algorithm, are used to fine-tune the parameters of the FOPID controller. The optimized FOPID controller MGO outperforms other algorithms by accurately matching generation and demand under different load conditions, reducing ACE, and ensuring robust frequency requirements. Despite the variability of RESs, the proposed design significantly improves the stability and reliability of isolated and interconnected microgrids. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the MGO algorithm in complex microgrid environments and help improve system performance and reliability.