Subsidy Strategies of Ride-Hailing Platforms Considering Taxi Street-Hailing during Order Overflow

The emergence of ride-hailing services has revolutionized the transportation industry for passengers, prompting taxi services to evolve from the conventional method of street-hailing to a combined "online-offline" operational approach.In this new model, taxis combine on-street pickups with platform-based orders.When market supply and demand are imbalanced, leading to excess orders, taxis prioritize street-hailing for faster customer acquisition.Meanwhile, ride-hailing platforms address surging passenger demand by offering subsidies to attract more vehicles to participate in online dispatching.This study focuses on the strategic choices of ride-hailing platforms and taxis during order overflow scenarios.An evolutionary game model is constructed to simulate taxi streethailing behavior under such conditions.Simulations are conducted to generate interpolation-based probability curves, including the probability of taxis accepting offline orders and the probability of regional orders being served.These findings offer recommendations for ride-hailing platforms on designing subsidy strategies in response to changes in regional order density.Additionally, the study examines how factors such as order distance, passenger-seeking costs, and platform commission rates influence taxis' order acceptance strategies.