Transformation of Women's Political Movements in Muslim Countries: Experiences of Iran and Indonesia

This study analyses the dynamics of women's political rights movements in Iran and Indonesia, focusing on differences in institutional frameworks, interpretations of Islamic values, and the evolution of women's movement strategies during 2000-2024. Employing a qualitative comparative approach with process tracing and content analysis methods. Data were collected from policy documents, official reports, Inter-Parliamentary Union statistics, and the World Economic Forum Gender Gap Report. Analysis was conducted through thematic coding, systematic comparative analysis, and process tracing.Indonesia shows an increase in women's political representation from 11.8% (2004) to 21.3% (2024), supported by progressive legal frameworks and institutional transformation of political parties. In contrast, Iran with 5.6% representation faces structural barriers, pushing women's movements towards digital resistance. An empowerment paradox is evident in Iran, where high educational participation (60%) does not correlate with political representation. The success of women's movements is largely determined by institutional configurations and adaptive capacity in responding to political opportunities. The Indonesian case proves that Islam is compatible with women's political participation when supported by appropriate institutional frameworks.