Investigating overpressure BLEVE effects on 100 % liquid full vessel

Despite extensive research done over several decades, BLEVE accidents persist and yet the complexity of this particular type of explosion poses ongoing challenges in the industry. Existing literature underscores the need to investigate BLEVE hazards to mitigate substantial threats to property and life, especially in populated areas. While previous studies have provided definitions and models for BLEVE, primarily concentrating on free field overpressure, the respective contributions of vapor and liquid phases in hazard formation remain unclear among various authors. This paper delves into the dynamics of a BLEVE emphasizing the critical role of liquid fill level in the overpressure hazard. This research is based on recent BLEVE experimental campaigns conducted in 2022 and 2024 on small-scale cylindrical aluminum vessels filled with pure propane. Cutting-edge scientific tools, including low and high-speed measurement instruments were employed to capture detailed data to extend the current understanding of a BLEVE. Particular attention was given to the fully liquid cases (100 %) as they represent a special case of a BLEVE. Valuable findings were obtained from experimental results regarding the relative contributions of vapor and liquid phases, addressing a critical gap in BLEVE comprehension. Key findings from experimental data indicate that the full liquid cases are characterized by two distinct types of failure pressures: the failure pressure and the saturation pressure at failing temperature. Additionally, it was observed that the full liquid cases exhibited the lowest peak overpressure and the longest lead overpressure duration relative to the failure pressure. A distinct trend line was identified in the full liquid experiments. If validated at large scale, the results of this investigation could serve as useful knowledge for industry and engineering by assisting in estimating the risks and consequences associated with BLEVE accidents, thus contributing to enhanced safety practices in industrial settings.