MSIEC: in-place merge sort leveraging equivalence classes

By examining an in-place merge sort algorithm that incorporates insertion sort during the merging process, this paper proposes an innovative Merge Sort algorithm (MSIEC) implemented In-place, which utilizes one extra element space and leverages Equivalence Classes to facilitate elements move. Compared to the in-place merge sort algorithm that relies on insertion sort, MSIEC reduces the number of element movements by inserting multiple elements in a single loop during the merging process, thereby enhancing the efficiency of in-place merge sorting.