Heat transfer in semi-permeable channels using ternary hybrid nanofluids: Effects of melting and radiation

This study investigates the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of a ternary hybrid nanofluid consisting of CuO, MWCNT, and SWCNT nanoparticles suspended in water within a semi-permeable channel. The configuration features a permeable bottom wall subjected to suction or injection and a melting top surface. The model accounts for the effects of magnetoconvection, thermal radiation, and Joule heating. The governing non-dimensional equations are solved using the Differential Transformation Method (DTM) under suitable boundary conditions. A detailed parametric analysis is conducted to assess the impact of key variables, including the Hartmann number, Reynolds number, Eckert number, nanoparticle volume fraction, skin friction coefficient, and Nusselt number. Results indicate that increasing injection and Reynolds number enhances the Nusselt number by promoting fluid velocity and reducing thermal boundary layer thickness, while suction suppresses convective transport. Melting at the upper boundary significantly improves thermal dissipation, and both radiation and Joule heating modulate energy transport. The findings highlight the superior thermal performance of ternary hybrid nanofluids, supporting their application in advanced thermal management and energy systems. • Lorentz force reduces fluid velocity but improves heat retention and temperature distribution. • Melting and radiation effects enhance surface heat transfer and strengthen the thermal boundary layer. • Joule heating raises nanofluid temperature, increasing thermal efficiency in energy storage systems.