A Deep Learning Framework for Flash-Flood-Runoff Prediction: Integrating CNN-RNN with Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs)

Flash floods pose serious risks to human life and infrastructure, leading to significant economic losses. While traditional conceptual models have long been used for runoff estimation, recent advancements in artificial intelligence have introduced machine learning and deep learning models for more accurate predictions. This study presents a deep learning framework that integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), and Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (Neural ODEs) to enhance precipitation-induced runoff forecasting. A six-year dataset (2016–2022) from Al Ain, United Arab Emirates (UAE), was employed for model training, with validation conducted using data from a severe April 2024 flash flood. The proposed framework was compared against standalone CNN, RNN, and Neural ODE models to evaluate its predictive performance. Results show that the combination of the CNN’s feature extraction, the RNN’s temporal analysis, and the Neural ODE’s continuous-time modeling achieves superior accuracy, with an R2 value of 0.98, RMSE = 2.87 × 106, MAE = 1.13 × 106, and PBIAS of −8.38. These findings highlight the model’s ability to effectively capture complex hydrological dynamics. The framework provides a valuable tool for improving flash-flood forecasting and water resource management, especially in arid regions like the UAE. Future work may explore its application in different climates and integration with real-time monitoring systems.