On the features of Sino-Russian interactions in the era of the Qing Dynasty (on the archival materials)

Based on the extensive review of the Qing Dynasty archives, this article analyzes the phased characteristics of Sino-Russian interactions during the Qing period and identifies their developmental patterns, also analyzes the potential of grassroots interactions, the strategic motivations behind the dispatch of Russian missionaries, and the gradual westward expansion of Sino-Russian exchanges from Northeast to Northwest China, offering fresh perspectives for research on Sino-Russian relations during the Qing Dynasty.