Evaluating Animal Models of Arteriovenous Malformation and Intracerebral Aneurysm: A Mechanistic Approach

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and intracranial aneurysms contribute to a high degree of morbidity and mortality due to the risk of intracranial hemorrhage observed in each of these cerebrovascular disorders. Due to the morbidity present in each condition, preclinical modeling of AVMs and intracerebral aneurysms is essential for advancing treatment options. A multitude of techniques and animal models have been described to model both AVM and intracranial aneurysm. In the present study, we sought to provide a comprehensive overview of the different models used to recapitulate AVM and intracranial aneurysm, highlighting advantages and disadvantages of each model. We conducted a comprehensive literature search for all preclinical animal models of AVM and intracerebral aneurysm. The studies included in the literature review were obtained from PubMed and included original studies, reviews, and systematic reviews. In this review, we highlight various animal models of AVM and intracranial aneurysm through the use of genetic models as well as surgical models. An overview of each model is thoroughly described and advantages and disadvantages of each model are outlined. Through the evaluation of current literature, the best models for AVM and aneurysm depend on the goal of the underlying study. Overall, we recommend using rodents and swine for modeling AVM and aneurysm as these animal species provide versatility, reliability, and accessibility for vascular research. Additionally, these species best recapitulate human AVM and aneurysm.