Application of Therapeutic Vaccines in the Treatment of Canine and Feline Cancers

The application of immunology and nanotechnology personalized immunotherapy in medical field has ushered in transformative changes in veterinary oncology. This paper will discuss the application of therapeutic vaccines in the treatment of canine and feline cancers. A substantial body of research indicates that therapeutic vaccines not only enhance antigen delivery but also activate robust T-cell responses and favorably modulate the tumor microenvironment. In the field of canine and feline oncology, nanoparticle-based vaccine platform has emerged as a novel strategy that improves antigen delivery and enhances cellular uptake, thereby regulating the tumor microenvironment and demonstrating significant potential in boosting immunogenicity and overall therapeutic efficacy. Concurrently, personalized vaccine offers precise identification of tumor antigens (TAs) to activate targeted T-cell responses. Unlike conventional treatments, these vaccines can be adjusted to accommodate the unique tumor features of each companion animal, substantially improving therapeutic outcomes. Early preclinical and clinical studies reveal that personalized vaccines prolong progression-free survival, reduce tumor burden, and inhibit metastatic lesions, offering new avenues for managing refractory cancers. Although challenges remain in clinical translation and large-scale application, interdisciplinary collaborations continue to advance this field, bringing unprecedented hope to the treatment of cancer in companion animals.