Genetic diversity analysis of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) genotypes using molecular profiling techniques

This study investigated the genetic diversity and relationships among 33 fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) genotypes using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers to support germplasm management and breeding efforts. Fifteen SSR primers generated 37 alleles, averaging 2.47 alleles per primer, with Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values ranging from 0.210 to 0.499 (mean 0.289), indicating moderate genetic diversity among the studied genotypes. Cluster analysis based on SSR marker data categorized the fennel genotypes into nine distinct clusters, reflecting significant genetic heterogeneity within the population and demonstrating the effectiveness of SSR markers in delineating genetic relationships. Four primers FV-6, FV-290063, FV-30919 and FV- 18902- were particularly valuable, producing unique banding patterns that accurately identified individual genotypes. The identified genetic clusters provide a scientific basis for selecting diverse parental lines for hybridization programs, while the distinctive SSR markers offer practical tools for accurate genotype identification and authentication. These findings hold significant implications for germplasm conservation, supporting the development of strategies to preserve genetic resources and enhance sustainable utilization of fennel diversity. By integrating molecular tools into fennel breeding approaches, this research contributes to developing superior cultivars with improved yield, quality and adaptability to changing environmental conditions. The moderate genetic diversity observed suggests both opportunities for improvement and the need for broadening the genetic base in breeding programs to ensure long-term genetic gain in this economically important aromatic and medicinal crop.