An Outbreak of Anthrax Among Humans, Livestock, and Wildlife in Kunene Region, Namibia, 2018—A Call for One Health Approach

ABSTRACT Introduction On October 21, 2018, Opuwo District Hospital identified four suspected cases of human anthrax. They presented with wounds and swelling on various body parts after consuming chevon. A multidisciplinary team of human and animal health experts set out to determine the cause and magnitude of the outbreak and provide preventive measures. Methods A descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted. We conducted active case search in the community, interviewed the exposed individuals, and provided health education. We analyzed the data by calculating frequencies and proportions. Results A total of 20 human cases, with no deaths. The majority, 11 (55%), affected were in the age group 21–40 years. Males 16 (80%) were mostly affected. Anthrax types presented were 12 (60%) cutaneous, 7 (35%) gastrointestinal, and 1 (5%) mixed (cutaneous and gastrointestinal). The cases were exposed by either consuming dead carcasses, 11 (55%), or skinning dead carcasses and consuming them, 8 (40%). Individuals exposed were 129. A total of 113 goats, 4 sheep, 3 cattle, 3 donkeys, and 7 wildlife died. All exposed individuals were given post‐exposure prophylaxis, and the community was empowered to dispose of carcasses. All domestic animals at risk were vaccinated against anthrax. Restriction of movement of animals and animal products from Kunene region was enforced within the period. Conclusions The anthrax outbreak in Kunene, Namibia, underscores the persistent threat of Bacillus anthracis in endemic regions. Challenges such as delayed reporting hampered rapid containment efforts. We recommend enhanced community awareness. Strengthening the One Health approach in Namibia is crucial.