Genomic Surveillance of West Nile Virus in the MENA Region: Phylogenetic Analysis and Biosafety Implications

The resurgence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region presents significant public health challenges. This study presents an in-depth phylogenetic analysis of WNV sequences collected from various MENA countries, including Israel, Iran, and Iraq, focusing on genetic variations and lineage distribution. The dominant Lineage 1a, found predominantly in Israel and Tunisia, contrasts with the emerging Lineage 2 strains from Iran and Iraq, which show higher genetic divergence. This study highlights potential influences on viral replication, immune evasion, and host interaction by identifying key amino acid substitutions in non-structural proteins. These findings provide essential insights into the evolutionary dynamics of WNV and stress the importance of cross-border genomic surveillance and vector control strategies to mitigate the risk of future outbreaks. The study underscores the necessity for enhanced regional cooperation and biosafety measures, particularly in the face of climate change, which exacerbates WNV transmission by extending mosquito activity periods.