Shock: what is it and how is it managed?

Shock is a critical and life-threatening condition in veterinary medicine characterised by inadequate tissue perfusion, leading to cellular dysfunction and organ failure. This article provides an overview of the pathophysiology, classification, and clinical manifestations of shock in animals. It explores the various types of shock, including hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive shock, with a focus on their etiologies and diagnostic challenges. The article emphasises the importance of early recognition, prompt intervention, and the use of appropriate treatment strategies such as fluid therapy, vasoactive drugs, and supportive care. Furthermore, it addresses the role of monitoring parameters associated with shock management in veterinary patients. Understanding the mechanisms behind shock and the implementation of effective therapeutic protocols are essential to improving outcomes in critically ill animals. This review aims to enhance veterinary professionals' ability to identify and manage shock, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality in veterinary practice.