Application of nanotechnology and micro/nanorobots in thrombotic diseases

Thrombotic diseases, a class of circulatory system disorders characterized by the abnormal coagulation of blood within arterial and venous vessels, leading to partial or complete vascular occlusion, represent a major global cause of mortality and morbidity. Considering the inefficacy of thrombolytic therapies and high incidence of complications, these diseases pose significant healthcare challenges. Nanotechnology, distinguished by its precise targeting, on-demand drug release, reduced dosage, and lower risk of hemorrhagic complications, offers unique advantages for the diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic disorders. As a cutting-edge technology, micro/nanorobots are novel therapeutic options for managing these conditions. This review elucidates the mechanisms of thrombus formation, discusses the efficacy and limitations of traditional antithrombotic drugs, summarizes research advancements in nanomaterials and micro/nanorobots for thrombotic diseases, and presents their promising clinical translation prospects.