The Economics of Nation-Building: Methodological Tool Kit and Policy Lessons

This article reviews the recent burgeoning political economics research on nation-building. We focus on three main aspects of this body of work. First, we discuss methodological issues related to measuring nation-building outcomes and provide a synthesis of studies that employ different techniques, such as surveys on identity, lab-in-the-field methods, and direct observation of actions signaling identity. Second, we explore preconditions for effective nation-building, particularly focusing on ethnolinguistic polarization and segregation, and discuss how these factors may influence policy choices and their effectiveness. We also consider geopolitical factors. Finally, we review advances in the literature evaluating the effects of major nation-building policies, including those that encourage intergroup contact, the choice of national education curricula, propaganda, leadership, decentralization, and foreign interventions. We highlight instances in which these policies work or backfire.