Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Refractory Autoimmune Diseases: Efficacy, Safety and Future Prospects

Cell therapies have been gaining prominence in the treatment of refractory autoimmune diseases, offering alternatives to conventional immunosuppressants.This study analyzed the efficacy and safety of these approaches, with an emphasis on CAR-T cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs).A literature review based on the PVO strategy was carried out, with searches in the PubMed-MEDLINE database, considering articles published between 2021 and 2025 and selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.The review indicated that these therapies can modulate the immune response, reduce chronic inflammation and restore immune tolerance, providing sustained remission in diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.However, challenges such as cytokine release syndrome, neurological toxicity and limitations in target selection restrict its wide clinical application.Advances in genetic engineering, including CRISPR-Cas9 and artificial intelligence, could improve the safety and efficacy of these treatments.It is concluded that, despite the limitations, cell therapies represent a promising advance in personalized medicine, requiring further studies to validate their viability on a large scale.