Unveiling determinants of imageability in the historical waterfront of urban springs in Jinan City, China

The conservation and revitalisation of urban waterfronts are increasingly recognised for their role in fostering cultural continuity and city identity. Imageability, which reflects the recognisability and memorability of a place, is central in this process. However, limited understanding of its contributing elements in historical spring waterfronts may result in the erosion of cultural and historical values. This study aims to identify the important elements of qualities that enhance the imageability in the historical waterfront of urban springs. Jinan City, China, was selected as a case study due to the concentration of historically significant spring water within the urban area. A questionnaire survey (n = 326) was employed to collect user opinions and analysed by Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) through measurement model assessment, structural model assessment, importance-performance map analysis, and cross-validated predictive ability test. The findings revealed 14 elements across four qualities significantly enhanced imageability in the historical spring waterfronts. Comfort is the most critical factor, emphasizing well-maintained facilities and environment. Legibility significantly enhances imageability through clear spatial elements. While slightly less impactful, safety and uniqueness remain essential. The study contributes to policymakers and urban designers in developing new and existing spring waterfronts with strong imageability in China.