Non-Hermitian expander obtained with Haar distributed unitaries

We consider a random quantum channel obtained by taking a selection of [Formula: see text] independent and Haar distributed [Formula: see text]-dimensional unitaries. We follow the argument of Hastings to bound the spectral gap in terms of eigenvalues and adapt it to give an exact estimate of the spectral gap in terms of singular values [7, 8]. This shows that we have constructed a random quantum expander in terms of both singular values and eigenvalues. The lower bound is an analog of the Alon–Boppana bound for [Formula: see text]-regular graphs. The upper bound is obtained using Schwinger–Dyson equations.