The role of probiotics in managing premenstrual syndrome: insights into beneficial bacterial strains

Premenstrual disorders (PMDs), encompassing premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), affect a significant number of women globally. Despite various hypothesized causes like hormonal shifts, serotonin imbalances, and lifestyle factors, the precise etiology remains unclear. Recent research emphasizes the crucial role of the gut microbiota in influencing mental and physical health, particularly through the gut-brain axis, which facilitates neuroendocrine communication. The gut microbiome's impact on endocrine, metabolic, and immune systems is significant, linking variations in gut microbiota diversity to conditions such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and metabolic disorders. Probiotics, known for modulating gut microbiota, show promise in managing PMDs and primary dysmenorrhea by influencing microbial diversity, metabolite profiles, and inflammatory pathways. Studies indicate that certain probiotic strains regulate cytokine production, enhance immunological tolerance, and may alleviate symptoms of hormone-related disorders. Traditional treatments for primary dysmenorrhea, including NSAIDs and hormonal therapy, often have adverse effects and limited efficacy, making probiotics a safer and potentially more effective alternative. Further research is essential to fully understand the molecular mechanisms of probiotics. However, current evidence suggests they could significantly improve women's reproductive health, reduce premenstrual symptoms, and offer a novel approach to managing primary dysmenorrhea, thereby enhancing the quality of life for affected women.