Self-determination theory perspectives on the influence of digital learning engagement on motivation in extracurricular learning activities: Considering the mediating role of digital self-efficacy

The increasing integration of digital media in educational settings has generated considerable interest in exploring its effects on learners' engagement, motivation, and digital self-efficacy, particularly within extracurricular learning activities (ELAs). Understanding how these constructs interact in extracurricular settings is crucial. This research, anchored in Self-Determination Theory (SDT), aimed to investigate the connection between engagement with digital media and motivation in the ELAs, emphasizing the mediating function of digital self-efficacy in China. Utilizing a quantitative research methodology, data collected from 286 secondary school students through validated survey instruments that measured their engagement with digital media, digital self-efficacy, and online learning motivation. The study implemented Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze the interrelations among these constructs. Results indicated a strong positive relationship between digital media engagement and motivation for online learning, suggesting that the students who actively utilize digital tools tend to demonstrate greater motivation in the ELAs. Additionally, a significant association exists between digital media engagement and digital self-efficacy, indicating that regular interaction with digital platforms enhances learners’ self-confidence regarding their ability to navigate these environments efficiently. Crucially, digital self-efficacy acts as a mediator between digital media engagement and motivation, underscoring the critical role of perceived competence in maintaining student motivation in technology-enhanced learning settings. These results carry practical implications for educators, policymakers, and curriculum developers. Specifically, they stress the importance of creating interventions that enhance digital self-efficacy, such as targeted training programs and supportive digital learning environments, ultimately amplifying learners’ engagement and their motivation in their learning experiences .