Non-ruthenium catalysts based self-oscillating gels driven by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction

Abstract Self-oscillating gels driven by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction represent a novel class of smart materials that exhibit autonomous, reversible, and periodic changes in color and size without the need for external stimuli. Currently, most such gels are based on catalytically active ruthenium complexes, which are not only expensive but also light-sensitive, potentially limiting their practical application. Therefore, the development of self-oscillating gels based on non-ruthenium catalysts is an important task, since there is a need for inexpensive and accessible chemomechanical materials for industrial use. This review presents and summarizes the advancements made in self-oscillating gels based on Fe, Co, and Ce catalysts. Furthermore, it discusses the opportunities, challenges, and future directions in this emerging field.