Recent advances of 2D nanomaterials integrated 3D-printed scaffolds for bone repair and regeneration

Bone defects represent a significant orthopedic challenge, with associated disorders continue to pose clinical difficulties. In the biomedical field, advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology have established bone tissue engineering (BTE) scaffolds as a promising approach for effective treatment. These scaffolds not only provide structural support for cells but also serve as templates to guide bone tissue regeneration. In recent years, owing to their exceptional physicochemical properties, two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D NMs) have garnered increasing attention and have been widely explored as additives in the fabrication of BTE scaffolds. This review centers on the most recent developments in the combination of 2D NMs and 3D printing for BTE applications. It begins with a concise summary of the common synthesis and surface modification methods of 2D NMs. Then, it offers a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in their use within BTE. Finally, it discusses current challenges and future perspectives regarding the application of 2D NMs-based 3D-printed scaffolds in bone tissue regeneration.