Can satellite observations detect global ocean heat content change with high resolution by deep learning?

The development of in situ observations has significantly improved ocean heat content (OHC) estimation. However, high-resolution OHC data remain limited, hindering detailed studies on mesoscale oceanic warming variability. This study used a deep learning method-Densely Deep Neural Network (DDNN) to reconstruct a high-resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) global OHC dataset for the upper 2000m ocean from 1993 to 2023, named the Ocean Projection and Extension Neural Network 0.25° (OPEN0.25°) product. This deep ocean remote sensing approach integrates multi-source remote sensing data, including Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Absolute Dynamic Topography (ADT), and Sea Surface Wind (SSW), alongside spatiotemporal coordinates and in situ observations. The DDNN model was trained using Argo-based gridded data and EN4-profile data, initially undergoing pre-training to assimilate large-scale oceanic features, followed by fine-tuning to enhance its accuracy in capturing mesoscale thermal structures . Our results demonstrate that the DDNN model achieves high accuracy across various depths. Particularly, OPEN0.25° can effectively capture detailed thermal variations in regions with complex dynamics, as well as the heat transfer processes within the ocean interior, outperforming traditional methods in resolution. The research highlights that, influenced by strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, OHC in the upper 700m of the Pacific Ocean potentially far exceeding expectations over the past decade. Through this study, OPEN0.25° has demonstrated its critical role in detecting and monitoring long-term changes in global OHC at high resolution.