Spatio-Temporal Dynamic of Rural Resilience to Multiple Water-Related Hazards: A Case Study in Zhejiang Province, China

Rural areas face increasing threats from water-related disasters yet often lack the infrastructure and resources available in urban areas for effective disaster response and recovery. Understanding and improving rural resilience—the ability to withstand and recover from disasters—is critical for sustainable rural development, especially under pressures from the climate. This study introduces a practical, indicator-based framework to evaluate rural resilience by analyzing five key aspects: stability, hazards, exposure, vulnerability, and adaptability. Using Zhejiang Province in China as a case study, we examined changes in rural resilience from 2000 to 2020. Our findings reveal that regions with a strong economic foundation, diversified livelihoods, and well-developed healthcare and education infrastructure exhibit higher resilience, while those with high exposure to hazards and economic dependency on agriculture remain vulnerable. The study highlights the crucial role of adaptive capacity in driving long-term resilience, emphasizing targeted investments in rural healthcare, education, infrastructure, and economic diversification. By providing data-driven insights, this research contributes to SDG 11 by offering practical strategies for policymakers and local communities to enhance disaster preparedness and rural sustainability. Moreover, the framework developed here can be adapted and applied to other rural regions facing similar hazards globally, enhancing disaster preparedness and promoting sustainable rural development.