The Influence of Groundwater Management on Land Subsidence Patterns in the Metropolitan Region of Guatemala City: A Multi-Temporal InSAR Analysis

This study investigates the relationships between surface deformations and groundwater management in the Metropolitan Region of Guatemala (MRG), a geologically complex area subjected to different types of ground deformation, integrating five municipalities around Guatemala City. Deformation patterns were characterized through Multi-Temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (MT-InSAR) and compared with groundwater piezometric data. The MT-InSAR technique allowed the identification of the main deformation areas in the MRG. Previously reported maximum subsidence rates ranged from −60 mm/year to −20 mm/year, with local maxima fitting with the extraction well fields of Villanueva and Petapa, in the South basin. Subsidence bowl or depression cone deformation areas were identified and located, similar to those described in the literature for other urban areas, such as Jakarta, Semarang, and Mexico City, among others. This study contextualizes these findings within the detailed hydrogeological framework of the region, highlighting the long-standing generalized exploitation of groundwater resources for urban, agricultural, and industrial uses. Historical data on water wells, piezometric levels, and groundwater flow patterns indicate that groundwater extraction has surpassed the natural recharge rates, particularly in the southern and eastern hydrological basins in the study area. This research identifies a critical need for sustainable water management, emphasizing the importance of integrating MT-InSAR into groundwater monitoring schemes.