Family Availability, ‘Kinlessness’, COVID Stringency, and Loneliness in 26 Countries

Loneliness became an increasing concern during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially as countries enacted "physical distancing" mitigation measures. Under these conditions, older adults with limited family availability (e.g., unpartnered, childless, and "kinless") might have been at higher loneliness risk, or perhaps were more accustomed to less social interaction. Using individual-level data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and country-level data from the Oxford Coronavirus Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), we analyzed loneliness outcomes for 34,943 older Europeans in 26 countries to examine associations between various types of family availability and loneliness under different COVID-19 stringency conditions. More stringent COVID-19 country contexts and being unpartnered were associated with loneliness, but "kinless" older adults had similar risk of loneliness as unpartnered older adults, underscoring the highly protective role of partnership. We discuss these findings considering the growing global population with limited family ties and make recommendations for future pandemic mitigation efforts.