Bone mineral density varies throughout the skeleton of athletes dependent on their sport: Allometric modelling identifies the “effective” forces associated with body mass

The model for BMD identified that [Formula: see text] plays a crucial role in determining the effective forces (both gravitational/ground reaction and compressional forces) operating throughout the skeleton, where k_i systematically increases where the lower the bone is situated, a mechanism that also explains why activities involving running benefit the leg BMD compared with weight-supported activities (e.g., rowing).