Sustainable Energy Transition and Population Dynamics: Data-Driven Approach to Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions in BRICS Nations

Natural resource overuse has had detrimental effects on the ecosystem, especially in the form of rising Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. This problem is made worse by excessive extraction of energy resources and fast population increase. Using a data-driven methodology, this paper examines the dynamic link between GHG emissions, population growth, and primary energy use in the BRICS countries. E-Views 9 software's Unit Root Tests, regression analysis, and Johansen-Fisher Panel Cointegration techniques are used to examine secondary data. The empirical results highlight the urgent need for a shift to sustainable energy systems by establishing a strong long-run equilibrium relationship among these variables. In order to slow down environmental deterioration, the report promotes the use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, geothermal, tidal, wave, & biofuels. The findings give policymakers practical advice by highlighting the need to incorporate sustainable energy measures in order to attain carbon neutrality while maintaining economic growth and resource efficiency, especially in highly populous nations like China and India.