In vivo analysis techniques for antibody drug: Recent advances and methodological insights

Antibody drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates, have shown significant potential in treating diseases due to their high specificity and affinity. <i>In vivo</i> analysis of antibody drugs with non-invasive and real-time techniques is of importance to understand dynamic behavior of drugs within living organisms, and help evaluate their pharmacokinetics and efficacies. This review summarizes the advances and <i>in vivo</i> analysis methods of antibody drugs, including the techniques of radiolabeled imaging, near-infrared fluorescence imaging and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The principles, applications, and challenges of each technique are discussed, which provides insights for the development of antibody drugs and <i>in vivo</i> analytical methods.