Investigating behavioural responses of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) to novel stimuli by means of benthic baited remote underwater video systems

Abstract Inspection behaviour in sharks, involving their approach and assessment of potential prey or threats, is vital for their predatory efficiency and defensive strategies, heavily influencing ecological dynamics and predator-prey interactions. This study investigates object inspection behaviour in tiger sharks ( Galeocerdo Cuvier ) using Baited Remote Underwater Video systems (BRUVs) deployed within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park (IWP) Marine Protected Area, in South Africa. Data collection and analysis focused on quantifying the frequency, duration, and characteristics of tiger shark interactions with BRUVs, and on assessing behavioural trends across demographic groups to facilitate the development of a behavioural ethogram. Key findings revealed adult females had significantly longer latency to first contact with the BRUVs, suggesting a precautionary approach towards novel stimuli. Subadults displayed the longest mean duration of behaviours, potentially indicating a higher investment in foraging activities or exploration of their environment. The top four most displayed traits per shark developmental stage and sex were investigatory, exploratory, circling, and aggressive behaviours. These findings have implications for the management and conservation of tiger shark populations, particularly in areas where human-shark interactions occur. A better understanding of inspection behaviour can help ecotourism better manage human-shark interactions. Further studies could develop strategies which help mitigate shark attacks, design effective shark deterrent systems, and inform guidelines for human activities in shark habitats. Furthermore, the development of an ethogram and corresponding usage of benthically deployed BRUVs provides a methodological framework for expanding future studies in shark behaviour research.