Integration of IoT, fog, and cloud in a blockchain network for future smart cities

<p>In recent times, the concept of smart cities has gained traction as a means to enhance the utilization of urban resources, delivering sustainable services across sectors like energy, transportation, healthcare, and education. Applications for smart cities leverage information and communication technologies (ICT), particularly the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and fog computing. By merging these technologies with platforms like the metaverse, cities can improve service delivery and create more engaging experiences for residents. The metaverse, in this context, serves as a virtual space for interactions between citizens and city authorities, contributing positively to urban planning and management. Nonetheless, data security and privacy remain significant challenges for smart cities implementing these technologies. To address this, blockchain-based security solutions can be effective in supporting sustainable smart city applications. By integrating IoT, fog computing, and cloud services into a blockchain framework, it’s possible to establish a secure and advanced platform for the creation and deployment of applications aimed at sustainable urban development. This paper proposes a conceptual model that combines IoT, fog, and cloud technologies within a blockchain structure, enabling smart city applications to harness the strengths of each technology, thereby optimizing operations, improving service quality, and ensuring robust security.<strong></strong></p>